Female rats that have received a maternal experience undergo enhanced c-fos expression in a number of brain sites when reexposed to pups. The present 2 studies examined changes in the expression of another brain protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is a major unit of the astrocytic cytoskeleton. In both experiments, primiparous and multiparous female rats were given varying amounts of postpartum contact with pups and overdosed after varying intervals, with no pups. Brains were prepared for GFAP immunohistochemical analysis. In both studies, Day 5 postpartum multiparous subjects given additional postpartum contact with pups, when compared with pup-exposed primiparous subjects, were found to have significantly higher numbers of GFAP positive cells in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus, an area critical for the expression of maternal behavior, but not in control sites. In Experiment 2, an opposite effect of parity was found in the medial amygdala and habenula.