Discrete four-stroke quantum heat engine exploring the origin of friction

Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2002 May;65(5 Pt 2):055102. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.055102. Epub 2002 May 16.

Abstract

The optimal power performance of a first-principle quantum heat engine model shows friction-like phenomena when the internal fluid Hamiltonian does not commute with the external control field. The model is based on interacting two-level systems where the external magnetic field serves as a control variable.