A loss of about half of the trochlear motor neurons occurs during the course of normal development in duck and quail embryos. The role of the size of the target muscle in controlling the number of surviving motor neurons was examined by making motor neurons innervate targets either larger or smaller in size than their normal target. In one experiment the smaller trochlear motor neuron pool of the quail embryo was forced to innervate the larger superior oblique muscle of the duck embryo. This was accomplished by grafting the midbrain of a quail embryo in the place of the midbrain of a duck embryo. Results indicated that no additional quail trochlear motor neurons were rescued in spite of a considerable increase in target size. In another experiment the larger trochlear motor neuron pool of the duck embryo was made to innervate the smaller superior oblique muscle of the quail embryo. This resulted in loss of some additional neurons; however, the number of surviving motor neurons was not proportionate to the reduction in target size. These experiments failed to provide support for the hypothesis that the size of the target muscle controls the number of surviving motor neurons. Although contact with target is necessary for survival of neurons, factors other than the number or size of target cells are involved in the control of motor neuron numbers during development.