Modifying the function of postsynaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid subtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs) is one of the most important mechanisms by which the efficacy of synaptic transmission at excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian brain is regulated. Traditionally these types of modifications have been thought to be achieved mainly by altering the channel gating properties or conductance of the receptors. A large body of evidence accumulated from recent studies strongly suggests that AMPARs, like most integral plasma membrane proteins, are continuously recycled between the plasma membrane and the intracellular compartments via vesicle-mediated plasma membrane insertion and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Regulation of either receptor insertion or endocytosis results in a rapid change in the number of these receptors expressed on the plasma membrane surface and in the receptor-mediated responses, thereby playing an important role in mediating certain forms of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). These studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying LTP and LTD, and their potential contributions to learning and memory-related behaviours. Here I provide a brief summary of the current state of knowledge concerning clathrin-mediated AMPAR endocytosis and its relationship to the expression of certain forms of LTD in several brain areas. The potential impact of recent advancements on our efforts to probe the roles of synaptic plasticity in learning and memory-related behaviours, and their relevance to some brain disorders, particularly drug addiction, are also discussed.