A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability

Food Nutr Bull. 2010 Jun;31(2 Suppl):S134-46. doi: 10.1177/15648265100312S206.

Abstract

Plant-based complementary foods often contain high levels of phytate, a potent inhibitor of iron, zinc, and calcium absorption. This review summarizes the concentrations of phytate (as hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate), iron, zinc, and calcium and the corresponding phytate:mineral molar ratios in 26 indigenous and 27 commercially processed plant-based complementary foods sold in low-income countries. Phytate concentrations were highest in complementary foods based on unrefined cereals and legumes (approximately 600 mg/100 g dry weight), followed by refined cereals (approximately 100 mg/100 g dry weight) and then starchy roots and tubers (< 20 mg/100 g dry weight); mineral concentrations followed the same trend. Sixty-two percent (16/26) of the indigenous and 37% (10/27) of the processed complementary foods had at least two phytate:mineral molar ratios (used to estimate relative mineral bioavailability) that exceeded suggested desirable levels for mineral absorption (i.e., phytate:iron < 1, phytate:zinc < 18, phytate:calcium < 0.17). Desirable molar ratios for phytate:iron, phytate:zinc, and phytate:calcium were achieved for 25%, 70%, and 57%, respectively, of the complementary foods presented, often through enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with minerals. Dephytinization, either in the household or commercially, can potentially enhance mineral absorption in high-phytate complementary foods, although probably not enough to overcome the shortfalls in iron, zinc, and calcium content of plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries. Instead, to ensure the World Health Organization estimated needs for these minerals from plant-based complementary foods for breastfed infants are met, dephytinization must be combined with enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with appropriate levels and forms of mineral fortificants.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Calcium, Dietary / analysis*
  • Calcium, Dietary / metabolism
  • Developing Countries*
  • Edible Grain / chemistry
  • Fabaceae / chemistry
  • Food Technology
  • Food, Fortified / analysis
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Infant Food / analysis*
  • Iron, Dietary / analysis*
  • Iron, Dietary / metabolism
  • Nutritive Value
  • Phytic Acid / analysis*
  • Phytic Acid / metabolism
  • Plant Roots / chemistry
  • Plants, Edible / chemistry*
  • Seeds / chemistry
  • Zinc / analysis*
  • Zinc / metabolism

Substances

  • Calcium, Dietary
  • Iron, Dietary
  • Phytic Acid
  • Zinc