Cytokinins control endocycle onset by promoting the expression of an APC/C activator in Arabidopsis roots

Curr Biol. 2013 Sep 23;23(18):1812-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.051. Epub 2013 Sep 12.

Abstract

Plant roots respond to various internal and external signals and adjust themselves to changes of environmental conditions. In the root meristem, stem cells produce daughter cells that continue to divide several times. When these latter cells reach the transition zone, they stop dividing and enter the endocycle, a modified cell cycle in which DNA replication is repeated without mitosis or cytokinesis. The resultant DNA polyploidization, named endoreduplication, is usually associated with an increase of nuclear and cell volume and with cell differentiation. At the transition zone, cytokinin signaling activates two transcription factors, type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (ARR1) and ARR12, and induces SHY2/IAA3, a member of the Aux/IAA family of auxin signaling repressors. This inhibits auxin signaling and reduces the expression of auxin efflux carriers, resulting in cell division arrest. Such counteracting actions of two hormones are assumed to determine meristem size. However, it remains unknown whether cytokinins additionally control meristem size through an auxin-independent pathway. Here we show that, in Arabidopsis, the cytokinin-activated ARR2 directly upregulates the expression of CCS52A1, which encodes an activator of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), thereby promoting the onset of the endocycle and restricting meristem size. Our genetic data revealed that CCS52A1 function is independent of SHY2-mediated control of auxin signaling, indicating that downregulation of auxin signaling and APC/C-mediated degradation of cell-cycle regulators cooperatively promote endocycle onset, and thus fine tune root growth.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Arabidopsis / cytology*
  • Arabidopsis / metabolism
  • Arabidopsis / physiology
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / genetics*
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / metabolism
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / physiology
  • Cell Cycle / genetics*
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics*
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / metabolism
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / physiology
  • Cytokinins / physiology*
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism
  • DNA-Binding Proteins / physiology
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Plant*
  • Nuclear Proteins / genetics
  • Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
  • Nuclear Proteins / physiology
  • Signal Transduction
  • Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Transcription Factors / metabolism
  • Transcription Factors / physiology

Substances

  • ARR1 protein, Arabidopsis
  • ARR12 protein, Arabidopsis
  • Arabidopsis Proteins
  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Cytokinins
  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • FZR2 protein, Arabidopsis
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • SHY2 protein, Arabidopsis
  • Transcription Factors