Combined determination and confirmation of ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea residues in fruits at low levels of detection

Abstract

In this work, a new method for the determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and propylenethiourea (PTU) in fruits and vegetables is presented. Different extraction and purification techniques, including matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE), followed by a clean-up step by solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared. The determination of ETU and PTU was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD) or by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). The effect of several parameters on the extraction, separation and detection was studied. The proposed method based on solid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile, clean-up with Envicarb II/PSA cartridges and subsequent analysis by HPLC/DAD was characterised and applied to the analysis of fruits and vegetables from different countries. Analytes recoveries were between 71% and 94% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 8% to 9.5%. Quantification limits obtained for ETU and PTU with the HPLC/DAD method were 7 and 16 μg kg⁻¹ in strawberries (fresh weight), respectively. For apples, they were 11 and 25 μg kg⁻¹, respectively.

Keywords: Dithiocarbamate metabolites; Ethylenethiourea (ETU); Fruits; Propylenethiourea (PTU); Vegetables.