Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer

Lancet Oncol. 2014 Oct;15(11):e484-92. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6.

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the potential to minimise the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis
  • Biopsy, Needle
  • Early Detection of Cancer / methods*
  • Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Humans
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Life Style*
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Neoplasm Invasiveness / pathology
  • Primary Prevention / methods
  • Prognosis
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen / blood*
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / diagnosis
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / prevention & control*
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / therapy*
  • Risk Factors
  • Risk Reduction Behavior

Substances

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen