Diagnostic ramifications of ocular vascular occlusion as a first thrombotic event associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene heterozygosity

Samantha Schockman; Charles J Glueck; Robert K Hutchins; Jaykumar Patel; Parth Shah; Ping Wang

doi:10.2147/OPTH.S80714

Diagnostic ramifications of ocular vascular occlusion as a first thrombotic event associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene heterozygosity

Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Apr 3:9:591-600. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S80714. eCollection 2015.

Authors

Samantha Schockman¹, Charles J Glueck², Robert K Hutchins³, Jaykumar Patel⁴, Parth Shah⁴, Ping Wang⁴

Affiliations

¹ Internal Medicine Residency Program, The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
² Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA ; Mercy Health Physicians, Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA ; Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁴ Cholesterol, Metabolism, and Thrombosis Center, The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic ramifications of vascular occlusion of the ocular vein and artery as a first thrombotic event associated with factor V Leiden (FVL) and/or prothrombin gene (PTG) heterozygosity.

Methods: Patients with ocular vein (n=191) and artery (n=74) occlusion, free of cardioembolic etiologies, were sequentially referred from vitreoretinal specialists for measurement of thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis and compared to 110 healthy normal controls.

Results: Of the 265 patients, 29 (11%; 17 women, 12 men) of all referred ocular vascular occlusion (OVO) cases were found to be heterozygous for FVL and/or PTG, including 16 with FVL, 12 with PTG, and 1 with both. Of the 29 cases, 16 had central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 2 branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), 5 nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION), 3 retinal artery occlusion (RAO), 2 amaurosis fugax (AF), and 1 had both CRVO and RAO. Of the 16 FVL cases, 15 (94%) had OVO as a first thrombotic event without prior deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE); 6 (38%) also had other thrombotic events, including recurrent miscarriage, osteonecrosis, ischemic stroke, and/or ischemic colitis; and 5 (31%) had immediate family members with previous venous thromboembolism (VTE). Of the 12 PTG cases, 9 (75%) had OVO as a first thrombotic event, 5 (42%) experienced VTE other than DVT or PE, and 6 (50%) had immediate family members with VTE. In one patient with both FVL and PTG, DVT occurred before BRVO. Of the 17 women with FVL and/or PTG mutations, 7 (41%) experienced ≥1 miscarriage, 6 (35%) were on estrogen therapy, and 1 (6%) was on clomiphene.

Conclusion: Of the 265 patients with OVO, 29 (11%) had FVL and/or PTG, and 83% of these 29 cases presented with OVO as their first thrombotic event. By diagnosing thrombophilia as an etiology for OVO, the ophthalmologist opens a window to family screening and preventive therapy.

Keywords: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; factor V Leiden; ocular vascular occlusion; prothrombin gene mutation; retinal artery occlusion; retinal vein occlusion.