Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: The role of gallic acid

Mustafa Saygin; Halil Asci; Ozlem Ozmen; Fatma Nihan Cankara; Dilnur Dincoglu; Ilter Ilhan

doi:10.1002/tox.22179

Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: The role of gallic acid

Environ Toxicol. 2016 Dec;31(12):1771-1784. doi: 10.1002/tox.22179. Epub 2015 Aug 13.

Authors

Mustafa Saygin¹, Halil Asci², Ozlem Ozmen³, Fatma Nihan Cankara², Dilnur Dincoglu³, Ilter Ilhan⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
² Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
³ Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey.
⁴ Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.

PMID: 26268881
DOI: 10.1002/tox.22179

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) transmitted by wireless devices (2.45 GHz), which may cause physiopathological or ultrastructural changes, in the testes of rats. We addressed if the supplemental gallic acid (GA) may reduce these adverse effects. Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Forty eight rats were equally divided into four groups, which were named: Sham, EMR only (EMR, 3 h day^-1 for 30 days), EMR + GA (30 mg/kg/daily), and GA (30 mg/kg/daily) groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels increased (p = 0.001 for both) in EMR only group. TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels decreased in GA treated group significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.045, respectively). Total antioxidant status (TAS) activities decreased in EMR only group and increased in GA treatment group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). Testosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels decreased in EMR only group, but this was not statistically significant. Testosterone and VEGF levels increased in EMR+GA group, compared with EMR only group (p = 0.002), and also increased in GA group compared with the control and EMR only group (p = 0.044 and p = 0.032, respectively). Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂ ) and calcitonin gene releated peptide (CGRP) staining increased in tubules of the testes in EMR only group (p < 0.001 for both) and decreased in tubules of the testes in EMR+GA group (p < 0.001 for all parameters). In EMR only group, most of the tubules contained less spermatozoa, and the spermatozoon counts decreased in tubules of the testes. All these findings and the regenerative reaction, characterized by mitotic activity, increased in seminiferous tubules cells of the testes in EMR+GA group (p < 0.001). Long term EMR exposure resulted in testicular physiopathology via oxidative damage and inflammation. GA may have ameliorative effects on the prepubertal rat testes physiopathology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1771-1784, 2016.

Keywords: gallic acid; spermatogenesis; testes; wi-fi; young rat.

MeSH terms

Animals
Antioxidants / metabolism
Biomarkers / metabolism
Electromagnetic Radiation*
Gallic Acid / pharmacology*
Male
Malondialdehyde / metabolism
Microwaves*
Oxidative Stress / drug effects
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Seminiferous Tubules / radiation effects
Seminiferous Tubules / ultrastructure
Spermatozoa / pathology
Spermatozoa / radiation effects
Testis / physiopathology
Testis / radiation effects*
Testis / ultrastructure
Testosterone / metabolism
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism

Substances

Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Testosterone
Malondialdehyde
Gallic Acid