A new copepod species, Ergasilus curticrus n. sp. is described based on 14 female specimens collected from the gills of the characid teleost Bryconops giacopinii Fernández-Yépez, captured in the Vichada River Basin in Colombia. The new species has a unique combination of characters including: (i) 2-segmented endopods in legs 1 and 4; (ii) a semi-pinnate, falciform seta on the terminal segment of the first leg exopod; (iii) a 1-segmented fourth leg exopod; (iv) a reduced fifth leg with a single seta; and (v) a circular structure fused to a groove near the lateral margins of the second pedigerous tergite. Only two other known congeners have a 1-segmented leg 4 exopod, E. coatiarus Araujo & Varella, 1998 and E. iheringi Tidd, 1942. Among other characters, they differ from the new species by the lack of a semi-pinnate, falciform seta on the terminal exopodal segment of leg 1 and in the structure and armature of the fifth leg. The prevalence of E. curticrus n. sp. was 13.6% and its mean abundance was 0.4 specimens per host. This is the first new species of Ergasilus Nordmann, 1832 described from the Orinoco River Basin.