Antiretroviral treatment initiation does not differentially alter neurocognitive functioning over time in youth with behaviorally acquired HIV

J Neurovirol. 2016 Apr;22(2):218-30. doi: 10.1007/s13365-015-0389-0. Epub 2015 Oct 13.

Abstract

Although youth living with behaviorally acquired HIV (YLWH) are at risk for cognitive impairments, the relationship of impairments to HIV and potential to improve with antiretroviral therapy (ART) are unclear. This prospective observational study was designed to examine the impact of initiation and timing of ART on neurocognitive functioning in YLWH in the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Treatment naïve YLWH age 18-24 completed baseline and four additional assessments of attention/working memory, complex executive, and motor functioning over 3 years. Group 1 co-enrolled in an early ART initiation study and initiated ART at enrollment CD4 >350 (n = 56); group 2 had CD4 >350 and were not initiating ART (n = 66); group 3 initiated ART with CD4 <350 (n = 59) per standard of care treatment guidelines at the time. Treatment was de-intensified to boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy at 48 weeks for those in group 1 with suppressed viral load. Covariates included demographic, behavioral, and medical history variables. Analyses used hierarchical linear modeling. All groups showed improved performance with peak at 96 weeks in all three functional domains. Trajectories of change were not significantly associated with treatment, timing of treatment initiation, or ART de-intensification. Demographic variables and comorbidities were associated with baseline functioning but did not directly interact with change over time. In conclusion, YLWH showed improvement in neurocognitive functioning over time that may be related to practice effects and nonspecific impact of study participation. Neither improvement nor decline in functioning was associated with timing of ART initiation or therapy de-intensification.

Keywords: Adolescent; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder; Neurocognitive functioning; Youth.

Publication types

  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Anti-HIV Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
  • Attention / drug effects
  • CD4 Lymphocyte Count
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / complications
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / drug therapy*
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / physiopathology
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / virology
  • Drug Administration Schedule
  • Executive Function / drug effects
  • Female
  • HIV Infections / complications
  • HIV Infections / drug therapy*
  • HIV Infections / physiopathology
  • HIV Infections / virology
  • HIV-1 / drug effects
  • HIV-1 / physiology
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Memory, Short-Term / drug effects
  • Models, Statistical*
  • Neuropsychological Tests
  • Prospective Studies
  • Psychomotor Performance / drug effects
  • Time Factors
  • Viral Load / drug effects
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Anti-HIV Agents