Control of Confounding and Reporting of Results in Causal Inference Studies. Guidance for Authors from Editors of Respiratory, Sleep, and Critical Care Journals

Affiliations

• ¹ 1 Department of Medicine and.
• ² 2 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Editor-in-Chief, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
• ³ 3 Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Cystic Fibrosis.
• ⁴ 4 Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Editor-in-Chief, Respiratory Care.
• ⁵ 5 University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland; Deputy Chief Editor, European Respiratory Journal.
• ⁶ 6 London, England; Deputy Editor, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.
• ⁷ 7 Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Associate Editor for Data Science, Critical Care Medicine.
• ⁸ 8 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology.
• ⁹ 9 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Deputy Editor-in-Chief, SLEEP.
• ¹⁰ 10 Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California; Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology: In Practice.
• ¹¹ 11 Division of Child Health, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England; Joint Editor-in-Chief, Thorax.
• ¹² 12 Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Associate Editor, Pediatric Pulmonology.
• ¹³ 13 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Advisor, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
• ¹⁴ 14 Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Thoracic Oncology.
• ¹⁵ 15 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Editor-in-Chief, Allergy.
• ¹⁶ 16 St. Louis Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France; Editor-in-Chief, Intensive Care Medicine.
• ¹⁷ 17 Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
• ¹⁸ 18 Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
• ¹⁹ 19 Department of Intensive Care, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Critical Care.
• ²⁰ 20 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
• ²¹ 21 Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Hospital and University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Co-Editor-in-Chief, Respirology.
• ²² 22 Pulmonology Department, Muscle and Lung Cancer Research Group, Research Institute of Hospital del Mar and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Editor-in-Chief, Archivos de Bronconeumologia.
• ²³ 23 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Austin Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Editor-in-Chief, Critical Care & Resuscitation.
• ²⁴ 24 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Asthma.
• ²⁵ 25 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Editor-in-Chief, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
• ²⁶ 26 Department of Surgery.
• ²⁷ 27 Department of Anesthesiology, and.
• ²⁸ 28 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Editor-in-Chief, Critical Care Medicine.
• ²⁹ 29 JFK New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health-JFK Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey; Editor-in-Chief, Sleep Medicine.
• ³⁰ 30 Department of Medicine and.
• ³¹ 31 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.
• ³² 32 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of the COPD Foundation.
• ³³ 33 The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Editor in Chief, Paediatric Respiratory Reviews.
• ³⁴ 34 Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and Family Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Editor-in-Chief, Sleep Health.
• ³⁵ 35 Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Joint Editor-In-Chief, Thorax.
• ³⁶ 36 Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Editor-in-Chief, Respiration.
• ³⁷ 37 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Innovation Editor, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
• ³⁸ 38 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England; Joint Editor-In-Chief, Thorax.
• ³⁹ 39 Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chief Editor, European Respiratory Journal.
• ⁴⁰ 40 South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Joint Editor-in-Chief (Lung Diseases), International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.
• ⁴¹ 41 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Incoming Editor-in-Chief, CHEST.
• ⁴² 42 Department of Medicine.
• ⁴³ 43 Department of Physiology, and.
• ⁴⁴ 44 Department of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Editor-in-Chief, Physiological Measurement.
• ⁴⁵ 45 Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Editor-in-Chief, Pediatric Pulmonology.
• ⁴⁶ 46 Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Deputy Editor, Pediatric Pulmonology.
• ⁴⁷ 47 Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-Editor-in-Chief, Respirology.
• ⁴⁸ 48 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Sleep Research.
• ⁴⁹ 49 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
• ⁵⁰ 50 Lymington New Forest Hospital, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of COPD.
• ⁵¹ 51 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Editor-in-Chief: npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine.
• ⁵² 52 Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Associate Editor, European Respiratory Journal; Advisor, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
• ⁵³ 53 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States; Editor-in-Chief, High Altitude Medicine & Biology.
• ⁵⁴ 54 Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
• ⁵⁵ 55 Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Statistical Editor, Thorax.
• ⁵⁶ 56 Department of Medicine and.
• ⁵⁷ 57 Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Editor-in-Chief, SLEEP.
• ⁵⁸ 58 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Editor-in-Chief, Annals of Intensive Care; and.
• ⁵⁹ 59 Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris South, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Editor-in-Chief, Critical Care.