Structural basis for (p)ppGpp-mediated inhibition of the GTPase RbgA

J Biol Chem. 2018 Dec 21;293(51):19699-19709. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.003070. Epub 2018 Oct 26.

Abstract

Efficient adaptation to environmental changes is pivotal for all bacterial cells. Almost all bacterial species depend on the conserved stringent response system to prompt timely transcriptional and metabolic responses according to stress conditions and nutrient depletion. The stringent response relies on the stress-dependent synthesis of the second messenger nucleotides and alarmones (p)ppGpp, which pleiotropically target and reprogram processes that consume cellular resources, such as ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that (p)ppGpp acts on the ribosome biogenesis GTPase A (RbgA) of Gram-positive bacteria. Using X-ray crystallography, hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS (HDX-MS) and kinetic analysis, we demonstrate that the alarmones (p)ppGpp bind to RbgA in a manner similar to that of binding by GDP and GTP and thereby act as competitive inhibitors. Our structural analysis of Staphylococcus aureus RbgA bound to ppGpp and pppGpp at 1.8 and 1.65 Å resolution, respectively, suggested that the alarmones (p)ppGpp prevent the active GTPase conformation of RbgA by sterically blocking the association of its G2 motif via their 3'-pyrophosphate moieties. Taken together, our structural and biochemical characterization of RbgA in the context of the alarmone-mediated stringent response reveals how (p)ppGpp affects the function of RbgA and reprograms this GTPase to arrest the ribosomal large subunit.

Keywords: (p)ppGpp; GTPase; RbgA; X-ray crystallography; alarmone; cell stress; enzyme kinetics; inhibition mechanism; ribosome assembly; stringent response.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Bacillus subtilis / enzymology
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases / chemistry*
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases / metabolism
  • Guanosine Diphosphate / metabolism
  • Guanosine Pentaphosphate / pharmacology*
  • Guanosine Triphosphate / metabolism
  • Kinetics
  • Magnesium / metabolism
  • Models, Molecular
  • Protein Domains
  • Staphylococcus aureus / enzymology

Substances

  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Guanosine Diphosphate
  • Guanosine Pentaphosphate
  • Guanosine Triphosphate
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases
  • Magnesium

Associated data

  • PDB/1PUJ
  • PDB/6G0Z
  • PDB/6G12
  • PDB/6G14
  • PDB/6G15
  • PDB/3CNN
  • PDB/3CNO
  • PDB/3CNL
  • PDB/5T62