Emerging and Re-Emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology

J Med Chem. 2019 Jun 27;62(12):5673-5724. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Abstract

Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are designed to bind poorly conserved amino acids by means of reactive groups, the so-called warheads. Currently, targeting noncatalytic cysteine residues with acrylamides and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is the predominant strategy in TCI development. The recent ascent of covalent drugs has stimulated considerable efforts to characterize alternative warheads for the covalent-reversible and irreversible engagement of noncatalytic cysteine residues as well as other amino acids. This Perspective article provides an overview of warheads-beyond α,β-unsaturated amides-recently used in the design of targeted covalent ligands. Promising reactive groups that have not yet demonstrated their utility in TCI development are also highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of reactivity and of case studies illustrating applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Conserved Sequence
  • Drug Discovery*
  • Humans
  • Molecular Targeted Therapy / methods*