Opposing Functions of Interferon Coordinate Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Cancer Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Cell. 2019 Aug 8;178(4):933-948.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.019.

Abstract

Interferon-gamma (IFNG) augments immune function yet promotes T cell exhaustion through PDL1. How these opposing effects are integrated to impact immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. We show that while inhibiting tumor IFNG signaling decreases interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in cancer cells, it increases ISGs in immune cells by enhancing IFNG produced by exhausted T cells (TEX). In tumors with favorable antigenicity, these TEX mediate rejection. In tumors with neoantigen or MHC-I loss, TEX instead utilize IFNG to drive maturation of innate immune cells, including a PD1+TRAIL+ ILC1 population. By disabling an inhibitory circuit impacting PD1 and TRAIL, blocking tumor IFNG signaling promotes innate immune killing. Thus, interferon signaling in cancer cells and immune cells oppose each other to establish a regulatory relationship that limits both adaptive and innate immune killing. In melanoma and lung cancer patients, perturbation of this relationship is associated with ICB response independent of tumor mutational burden.

Keywords: CTLA4; ISGs; NK cells; PDL1; T cell exhaustion; immune checkpoint blockade; immunotherapy resistance; innate lymphoid cells; interferon.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Adaptive Immunity / immunology*
  • Adoptive Transfer
  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
  • Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use
  • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • CTLA-4 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Gene Knockout Techniques
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate / immunology*
  • Interferon-gamma / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Interferon-gamma / genetics*
  • Interferon-gamma / metabolism*
  • Killer Cells, Natural / immunology
  • Lung Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Lung Neoplasms / immunology*
  • Melanoma / drug therapy
  • Melanoma / immunology*
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Progression-Free Survival
  • RNA-Seq
  • Transfection

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • CTLA-4 Antigen
  • CTLA4 protein, human
  • Ctla4 protein, mouse
  • IFNG protein, human
  • IFNG protein, mouse
  • PDCD1 protein, human
  • Pdcd1 protein, mouse
  • Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
  • Interferon-gamma