Rationale: Melamine is ubiquitously present in our daily life. It has a known effect on the kidneys, but it may also adversely affect the reproduction system. We have developed an analytical method for measuring melamine levels in maternal placenta and correlated these levels with melamine concentrations in urine, a necessary step in finding out if melamine might cross the placenta and enter the circulation of the fetus.
Methods: We used liquid-liquid extraction, clean up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to measure melamine in placenta specimens. The results of this method were assessed for linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQs), and intra- and inter-assay precision as well as accuracy, matrix effect, and recovery rate.
Results: Calibration curves indicated good linearity (r >0.995) over concentrations ranging from 5 to 500 ng/mL in placenta specimens, intra- and inter-assay precision from 0.89% to 27.07%, and accuracy from 92.4% to123.5%. Recovery ranged from 63.9 to 83.9%, and the LOQ was 5 ng/mL in placenta (0.2 g). Placental melamine levels ranged from 7.87 to19.64 ng/mL, all detectable (n = 8). Pregnant women with higher levels of urinary melamine had higher placenta melamine levels than those with non-detectable urinary melamine, though the results were not significantly different (p = 0.149, n = 4 in each group).
Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that pregnant women were exposed to low doses of melamine in their daily lives as measured in urine samples and placenta specimens. It is unclear whether placenta melamine concentrations can better represent long-term exposure than urine or whether melamine in the uterus can enter the fetus via this route.
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.