Longitudinal Changes in Cardiac Structure and Function From Adolescence to Young Adulthood in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The TODAY Follow-Up Study

Circ Heart Fail. 2020 Jun;13(6):e006685. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006685. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Abstract

Background: Heart failure is a prominent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The goal of this study was to provide longitudinal data on cardiac structure and function (and cross-sectional comparison to normal-weight and obese controls without T2D) in individuals followed from adolescence with youth-onset T2D.

Methods: In the TODAY study (Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents and Youth), echocardiograms were performed at study years 4 to 5 and 9 to 10. Echocardiograms were also obtained at years 8 to 9 in a control population of age, race/ethnicity, and sex-matched normal-weight and obese individuals without diabetes mellitus. Study outcomes were measures of left ventricular structure and function. The cohort included 411 participants with T2D, 194 obese controls, and 51 normal-weight controls.

Results: At follow-up, mean participant age was 23 years, 65% women, 20% non-Hispanic white, 35% non-Hispanic black, and 39% Hispanic. Ejection fraction was <52% in 11.7% of male participants with T2D. Diastolic function declined during follow-up in participants with T2D (mitral valve lateral E/Em increased 0.72±0.12 in women and 0.50±0.17 in men; P<0.01) and was significantly higher than obese controls (women, 6.65±1.89 versus 5.66±1.37; men, 6.15±1.90 versus 5.26±1.31; P<0.0001). Predictors of adverse changes included hypertension, obesity, female sex, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black ethnicity, worse glycemic control, and elevated heart rate. Cardiac structural abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, or concentric geometry, were highest in those with T2D (15.8% versus 5.7% obese versus 0% normal weight).

Conclusions: Adverse changes in cardiac structure and function changed significantly from adolescence to early adulthood in participants with youth-onset T2D. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00081328.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases; epidemiology; heart rate; risk factors.

Publication types

  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Age Factors
  • Case-Control Studies
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications*
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / diagnosis
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / drug therapy
  • Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / diagnostic imaging
  • Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / etiology*
  • Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / physiopathology
  • Disease Progression
  • Echocardiography
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / diagnostic imaging
  • Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / etiology*
  • Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / physiopathology
  • Hypoglycemic Agents / therapeutic use
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Male
  • Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
  • Risk Factors
  • Stroke Volume*
  • Time Factors
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / diagnostic imaging
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / etiology*
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / physiopathology
  • Ventricular Function, Left*
  • Ventricular Remodeling*
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Hypoglycemic Agents

Associated data

  • ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00081328