A high-protein total diet replacement increases energy expenditure and leads to negative fat balance in healthy, normal-weight adults

Camila L P Oliveira; Normand G Boulé; Arya M Sharma; Sarah A Elliott; Mario Siervo; Sunita Ghosh; Aloys Berg; Carla M Prado

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa283

A high-protein total diet replacement increases energy expenditure and leads to negative fat balance in healthy, normal-weight adults

Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Feb 2;113(2):476-487. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa283.

Authors

Camila L P Oliveira^{1

2}, Normand G Boulé^{2

3}, Arya M Sharma⁴, Sarah A Elliott^{1

5}, Mario Siervo⁶, Sunita Ghosh⁷, Aloys Berg⁸, Carla M Prado^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
² Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
³ Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁴ Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁵ Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁶ School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁸ Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Abstract

Background: High-protein diets and total diet replacements are becoming increasingly popular for weight loss; however, further research is needed to elucidate their impact on the mechanisms involved in weight regulation.

Objective: The aim of this inpatient metabolic balance study was to compare the impact of a high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control diet (CON) on select components of energy metabolism in healthy adults of both sexes.

Methods: The acute intervention was a randomized, controlled, crossover design with participants allocated to 2 isocaloric arms: 1) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat achieved through a nutritional supplement; 2) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. Participants received the prescribed diets for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit (WBCU). The first dietary intervention randomly offered in the WBCU was designed to maintain energy balance and the second matched what was offered during the first stay. Energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidation rates and balances, and metabolic blood markers were assessed. Body composition was measured at baseline using DXA.

Results: Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females and 24 males) were included. Compared with the CON diet, the HP-TDR produced higher total energy expenditure [(EE) 81 ± 82 kcal/d, P <0.001], protein and fat oxidation rates (38 ± 34 g/d, P <0.001; 8 ± 20 g/d, P = 0.013, respectively), and a lower carbohydrate oxidation rate (-38 ± 43 g/d, P <0.001). Moreover, a HP-TDR led to decreased energy (-112 ± 85 kcal/d; P <0.001), fat (-22 ± 20 g/d; P <0.001), and carbohydrate balances (-69 ± 44 g/d; P <0.001), and increased protein balance (90 ± 32 g/d; P <0.001).

Conclusions: Our primary findings were that a HP-TDR led to higher total EE, increased fat oxidation, and negative fat balance. These results suggest that a HP-TDR may promote fat loss compared with a conventional isocaloric diet. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02811276 and NCT03565510.

Keywords: adults; energy metabolism; metabolic biomarkers; protein; total diet replacement.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adipose Tissue / metabolism*
Adult
Dietary Proteins / administration & dosage*
Energy Metabolism / drug effects*
Energy Metabolism / physiology
Female
Humans
Male
Young Adult

Substances

Dietary Proteins

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02811276
ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03565510