Site-specific targeting of a light activated dCas9-KillerRed fusion protein generates transient, localized regions of oxidative DNA damage

PLoS One. 2020 Dec 17;15(12):e0237759. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237759. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

DNA repair requires reorganization of the local chromatin structure to facilitate access to and repair of the DNA. Studying DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in specific chromatin domains has been aided by the use of sequence-specific endonucleases to generate targeted breaks. Here, we describe a new approach that combines KillerRed, a photosensitizer that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light, and the genome-targeting properties of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Fusing KillerRed to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) generates dCas9-KR, which can then be targeted to any desired genomic region with an appropriate guide RNA. Activation of dCas9-KR with green light generates a local increase in reactive oxygen species, resulting in "clustered" oxidative damage, including both DNA breaks and base damage. Activation of dCas9-KR rapidly (within minutes) increases both γH2AX and recruitment of the KU70/80 complex. Importantly, this damage is repaired within 10 minutes of termination of light exposure, indicating that the DNA damage generated by dCas9-KR is both rapid and transient. Further, repair is carried out exclusively through NHEJ, with no detectable contribution from HR-based mechanisms. Surprisingly, sequencing of repaired DNA damage regions did not reveal any increase in either mutations or INDELs in the targeted region, implying that NHEJ has high fidelity under the conditions of low level, limited damage. The dCas9-KR approach for creating targeted damage has significant advantages over the use of endonucleases, since the duration and intensity of DNA damage can be controlled in "real time" by controlling light exposure. In addition, unlike endonucleases that carry out multiple cut-repair cycles, dCas9-KR produces a single burst of damage, more closely resembling the type of damage experienced during acute exposure to reactive oxygen species or environmental toxins. dCas9-KR is a promising system to induce DNA damage and measure site-specific repair kinetics at clustered DNA lesions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • CRISPR-Cas Systems / genetics*
  • Cell Line
  • Chromatin / genetics
  • Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats / genetics*
  • DNA / genetics*
  • DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
  • DNA Damage / genetics*
  • DNA Repair / genetics*
  • Endonucleases / genetics
  • Genome / genetics
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Light
  • Oxidative Stress / genetics*
  • RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems / genetics

Substances

  • Chromatin
  • RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
  • DNA
  • Endonucleases

Grants and funding

This work was supported by NIH grants CA177804 (BDP) and CA93602 (BDP). One of us (JVL) is currently employed by eGenesis, Cambridge, MA. However, JVL’s contribution to the current work was solely carried out while he was an employee of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and was completed prior to JVL’s departure from the DFCI. “eGenesis did not provide support in the form of salaries to either JVL or other workers, and did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.