The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
Keywords: Dengue virus; Ebola virus; Epstein-Barr virus; HS-AFM; Hepatitis B virus; Human Immunodeficiency virus; Human Papillomavirus; Influenza A; SARS-CoV-2; antiviral drug; clinical trial; exportin; importins; nuclear transport inhibitor; nucleoporins; viral nuclear export; viral nuclear import.