Galectins are animal lectins that recognize β-galactoside and bind glycans. Recent studies have indicated that cytosolic galectins recognize cytosolically exposed glycans and accumulate around endocytic vesicles or organelles damaged by various disruptive substances. Accumulated galectins engage other cytosolic proteins toward damaged vesicles, leading to cellular responses, such as autophagy. Disruptive substances include bacteria, viruses, particulate matters, and protein aggregates; thus, this process is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In this chapter, we describe methods for studying three disruptive substances: photosensitizers, Listeria monocytogenes, and Helicobacter pylori. We summarize the tools used for the detection of cytosolic galectin accumulation around damaged vesicles.
Keywords: APEX2-enhanced electron microscopy; Endosomes; Fluorescence microscopy; Galectins; Glycans; Helicobacter pylori; Immunofluorescence microscopy; Immunogold electron microscopy; Listeria monocytogenes; Lysosomes; Phagosomes; Photosensitizers.
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