Hepatic Deletion of X-Box Binding Protein 1 in FXR Null Mice Leads to Enhanced Liver Injury

Abstract

FXR regulates bile acid metabolism, and FXR null (Fxr^-/-) mice have elevated bile acid levels and progressive liver injury. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway is a protective unfolded protein response pathway activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we sought to determine the role of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/XBP1 pathway in hepatic bile acid toxicity using the Fxr^-/- mouse model. Western blotting and quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that hepatic XBP1 and other unfolded protein response pathways were activated in 24-week-old Fxr^-/- compared with 10-week-old Fxr^-/- mice but not in WT mice. To further determine the role of the liver XBP1 activation in older Fxr^-/- mice, we generated mice with whole-body FXR and liver-specific XBP1 double KO (DKO, Fxr^-/-Xbp1^LKO) and Fxr^-/-Xbp1^fl/fl single KO (SKO) mice and characterized the role of hepatic XBP1 in cholestatic liver injury. Histologic staining demonstrated increased liver injury and fibrosis in DKO compared with SKO mice. RNA sequencing revealed increased gene expression in apoptosis, inflammation, and cell proliferation pathways in DKO mice. The proapoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein pathway and cell cycle marker cyclin D1 were also activated in DKO mice. Furthermore, we found that total hepatic bile acid levels were similar between the two genotypes. At age 60 weeks, all DKO mice and no SKO mice spontaneously developed liver tumors. In conclusion, the hepatic XBP1 pathway is activated in older Fxr^-/- mice and has a protective role. The potential interaction between XBP1 and FXR signaling may be important in modulating the hepatocellular cholestatic stress responses.

Keywords: apoptosis; bile acids; bile salts; cell signaling; cholestatic liver injury; inflammation; inositol-requiring enzyme 1α; liver tumor; nuclear receptor; unfolded protein response.