Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase Is Essential for Adrenal Steroidogenesis: Clinical and In Vitro Lessons

Abstract

Context: Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) acts as an antioxidant defense mechanism. NNT mutations cause familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD). How impaired oxidative stress disrupts adrenal steroidogenesis remains poorly understood.

Objective: To ascertain the role played by NNT in adrenal steroidogenesis.

Methods: The genotype-phenotype association of a novel pathogenic NNT variant was evaluated in a boy with FGD. Under basal and oxidative stress (OS) induced conditions, transient cell cultures of the patient's and controls' wild-type (WT) mononuclear blood cells were used to evaluate antioxidant mechanisms and mitochondrial parameters (reactive oxygen species [ROS] production, reduced glutathione [GSH], and mitochondrial mass). Using CRISPR/Cas9, a stable NNT gene knockdown model was built in H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells to determine the role played by NNT in mitochondrial parameters and steroidogenesis. NNT immunohistochemistry was assessed in fetal and postnatal human adrenals.

Results: The homozygous NNT p.G866D variant segregated with the FGD phenotype. Under basal and OS conditions, p.G866D homozygous mononuclear blood cells exhibited increased ROS production, and decreased GSH levels and mitochondrial mass than WT NNT cells. In line H295R, NNT knocked down cells presented impaired NNT protein expression, increased ROS production, decreased the mitochondrial mass, as well as the size and the density of cholesterol lipid droplets. NNT knockdown affected steroidogenic enzyme expression, impairing cortisol and aldosterone secretion. In human adrenals, NNT is abundantly expressed in the transition fetal zone and in zona fasciculata.

Conclusion: Together, these studies demonstrate the essential role of NNT in adrenal redox homeostasis and steroidogenesis.

Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; FGD; NNT; adrenal insufficiency; mutations.