Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations result in a variety of genetic diseases. As an emerging therapeutic method, mtDNA editing technology recognizes targets more based on the protein and less on the nucleic acid. Although the protein recognition type mtDNA editing technology represented by zinc finger nuclease technology, transcription activator like effector nuclease technology and base editing technology has made some progress, the disadvantages of complex recognition sequence design hinder further popularization. Gene editing based on nucleic acid recognition by the CRISPR system shows superiority due to the simple structure, easy design and modification. However, the lack of effective means to deliver nucleic acids into mitochondria limits application in the field of mtDNA editing. With the advances in the study of endogenous and exogenous import pathways and the deepening understanding of DNA repair mechanisms, growing evidence shows the feasibility of nucleic acid delivery and the broad application prospects of nucleic acid recognition type mtDNA editing technology. Based on the classification of recognition elements, this article summarizes the current principles and development of mitochondrial gene editing technology, and discusses its application prospects.
线粒体DNA（mtDNA）突变会导致多种遗传病的发生。mtDNA编辑技术作为新兴的治疗手段基本基于蛋白质识别靶点，核酸识别型mtDNA编辑技术较少。以锌指核酸酶技术、转录激活因子样效应核酸酶技术、碱基编辑技术为代表的蛋白质识别型mtDNA编辑技术取得了一定进展，但识别序列设计复杂的弊端阻碍其进一步推广。CRISPR/Cas9等核酸识别型编辑技术以其结构简单、易于设计和修饰的特色展现出优越性，但缺乏将核酸递送进入线粒体的有效手段限制了其在mtDNA编辑领域的应用。随着对内源性、外源性导入途径的研究和DNA修复机制的深化理解，越来越多的证据表明核酸递送的可行性和核酸识别型mtDNA编辑技术的广阔应用前景。本文基于识别元件分类，总结了当前线粒体基因编辑技术的原理和发展现状，展望了核酸识别型mtDNA编辑技术的潜在价值。.
Keywords: CRISPR; Gene editing; Mitochondrion; Nucleic acid delivery; Review.