The purpose of this study was to analyze the microbiological and clinical features of fungal peritonitis in patients with endstage renal failure treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The diagnosis of peritonitis was based on abdominal discomfort or pain, cloudy peritoneal effluent with an elevated leukocyte count and isolation of fungi from the peritoneal effluent. Amphotericin B, flucytosine, ketoconazole, miconazole and more recently fluconazole were used for antifungal therapy. From 1983 to 1997 13 patients experienced 14 episodes of fungal peritonitis, comprising 3.1% of all episodes of peritonitis in the dialysis centre. Isolates from the peritoneal effluent comprised Candida tropicalis in two cases, Candida parapsilosis in two cases, Candida albicans in one case, Candida lusitaniae in one case,Cephalosporium spp. in three cases, Aspergillus fumigatus in two cases, and an Aspergillus sp., a Trichoderma sp. and a yeast in one case each. In eight cases bacterial infection shortly before the episode of fungal peritonitis was documented. In 12 (86%) cases the peritoneal catheter had to be removed. Four patients died during the treatment, and one patient died 2 months after the end of treatment due to intra-abdominal bleeding from peritoneal adhesions. Only two patients continued CAPD later; the other patients were switched to hemodialysis. It is concluded that fungal peritonitis is a rare but serious complication in CAPD patients with high rates of morbidity, mortality and drop-out from the CAPD programme (85%). The most frequent isolates were Candida spp. A predisposing factor for fungal peritonitis could be a recent bacterial infection treated with antibiotics. Early peritoneal catheter removal is recommended.