RAMS, Siberian Branch, has been actively participating for the last 25 years in elaboration and realization of numerous scientifically applied programs aimed at improving diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of the most widespread diseases among the Native and newcoming populations of the Russian Far North (Taimyr, Yakutia, and Chukotka). The medical researchers of different RAMS, Siberian Branch, institutes, based on long-term investigations, have obtained a number of largely new data on etiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of cardiovascular, infectious, and cancer disease; diabetes; alcohol addiction; trauma; etc., and have developed practical recommendations for public health institutions on improvement of people's health.