The first article of this series highlighted the five most widely used performance measurement systems for comparing laboratory and clinical department operations. This column has since taken an in-depth tour of two of the systems, the MECON PEERx and the Laboratory Management Index Program. We also have taken a slight detour to discuss the ORYX initiative, which has been mandated for certain types of health-care organizations accredited by the Joint Commission. In this issue we return to a more detailed analysis of one of the five most commonly used benchmarking systems for clinical services, HBS International, Inc.