High dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy have radically increased long term survival of young cancer patients. Among the side effects of chemotherapy treatments are ovarian failure and infertility, which are of particularly great concern to young cancer patients. Recently, cryopreservation procedures such as in vitro fertilization and embryo storage, or ovarian tissue cryopreservation have been used to preserve fertility in patients subjected to cancer treatments. Knowledge of the risks and probabilities of ovarian failure as well as the risks of the cryopreservation procedures is crucial for patients and physicians in order to make informed choices that will best serve the patients interests. This article presents data of a prospective study that determines the risk of ovarian failure following exposure to chemotherapy as well as a review of related publications. Progressive, dose-related depletion of primordial follicles is noted on histology, explaining the risk of undergoing premature ovarian failure years after exposure to chemotherapy. The safety of ovarian tissue cryopreservation procedures with a new round biopter was evaluated, as well as the risk of malignant cell transmission. It has been shown that laproscopic ovarian biopsy performed with the round biopter is a safe and efficient method for collection of ovarian tissue in cancer patients. In Hodgkin's disease patients' ovarian cortical tissue obtained for cryopreservation does not contain malignant cells. However the risk of cryopreserving and transferring malignant cells should be tested separately for each disease according to the risk of ovarian metastasis and the ability to detect single malignant cells.