The integration of Western medicine with traditional folk medical systems remains a current challenge to individuals providing patient education in American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Cross-cultural patient education requires an understanding of contemporary Indian societies' cultural patterns, including theories of disease causality and therapy. Social organization and the relationship of the community to community-based health care delivery systems are important in making education relevant to prevailing values. This article reviews the history of patient education to Indian people, highlights some of the differences between traditional and allopathic approaches to patient care, and presents a case history of a recent community-based patient education program. The article includes suggestions for practice and identifies important questions to be addressed.