Antidepressant discontinuation-related mania: critical prospective observation and theoretical implications in bipolar disorder

J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;60(8):563-7; quiz 568-9.

Abstract

Background: Development of manic symptoms on antidepressant discontinuation has primarily been reported in unipolar patients. This case series presents preliminary evidence for a similar phenomenon in bipolar patients.

Method: Prospectively obtained life chart ratings of 73 bipolar patients at the National Institute of Mental Health were reviewed for manic episodes that emerged during antidepressant taper or discontinuation. Medical records were utilized as a corroborative resource. Six cases of antidepressant discontinuation-related mania were identified and critically evaluated.

Results: All patients were taking conventional mood stabilizers. The patients were on antidepressant treatment a mean of 6.5 months prior to taper, which lasted an average of 20 days (range, 1-43 days). First manic symptoms emerged, on average, 2 weeks into the taper (range, 1-23 days). These 6 cases of antidepressant discontinuation-related mania involved 3 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 2 tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and 1 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Mean length of the ensuing manic episode was 27.8 days (range, 12-49 days). Potential confounds such as antidepressant induction, phenomenological misdiagnosis of agitated depression, physiologic drug withdrawal syndrome, and course of illness were carefully evaluated and determined to be noncontributory.

Conclusion: These 6 cases suggest a paradoxical effect whereby antidepressant discontinuation actually induces mania in spite of adequate concomitant mood-stabilizing treatment. These preliminary observations, if replicated in larger and controlled prospective studies, suggest the need for further consideration of the potential biochemical mechanisms involved so that new preventive treatment approaches can be assessed.

Publication types

  • Clinical Trial
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / adverse effects
  • Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Anticonvulsants / therapeutic use
  • Antidepressive Agents / adverse effects*
  • Antidepressive Agents / therapeutic use
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / adverse effects
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / therapeutic use
  • Bipolar Disorder / chemically induced*
  • Bipolar Disorder / drug therapy*
  • Carbamazepine / therapeutic use
  • Drug Therapy, Combination
  • Humans
  • Lithium / therapeutic use
  • Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / adverse effects
  • Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Prospective Studies
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / adverse effects
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / etiology*
  • Valproic Acid / therapeutic use

Substances

  • Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antidepressive Agents
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
  • Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
  • Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors
  • Carbamazepine
  • Valproic Acid
  • Lithium