Families experiencing childhood cancer are confronted with many stressors throughout the course of illness. For children with cancer, such stressors may be especially challenging. The extent to which they are able to deal with such challenges appears to be partly contingent on the support available from others. Positive social relations are considered to improve the quality of life of individuals in general and to help protect or buffer them from stressful life events such as cancer. This article presents a critical review and synthesis of research examining social support in children with cancer. Recommendations for research that will provide a foundation for understanding social support in children with cancer are outlined. These recommendations include the need to investigate (a) social support as a guiding, central construct, (b) social support from a family socio-cultural perspective, (c) social support from a developmental perspective, and (d) social support as a process. Implications for pediatric oncology nursing practice are discussed.