Trace elements in hair samples were examined in 79 medical and sports students in Vienna and 77 biology students in Rome (ages 19-31 years). Lead concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The effect of smoking on lead levels is confirmed. Those who consume milk and dairy products daily show a lower lead concentration than those who consume them occasionally, both overall and in smokers and non-smokers. The effects of milk consumption and smoking appear to be independent. It seems that smokers may not enjoy the protective effect of milk consumption to the same extent as non smokers.