Each year in the USA, 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed and about 44,000 women die of the disease. Current primary treatment consists of adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy, and statistics show that combination chemotherapy favorably influences the outcomes in both node-negative and node-positive primary disease. However, a significant number of breast cancer patients succumb to the disease, and nearly every patient diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer will be dead within five years. High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) are based upon laboratory and clinical observations of the ability to modify growth properties of quiescent and replicating cancer cells. A large number of HDC and PBPCT regimens have been evaluated for treatment of metastatic breast cancer, and recent autologous bone marrow transplantation data indicate that three HDC regimens (CPB, CTCb and cytoxan and thiotepa) predominate. Unfortunately, negative media coverage surrounding and subsequent to the presentation of preliminary findings reported at the May 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncologists, that were not allowed adequate follow-up time for full analysis of treatment results, has had a detrimental effect on the ability to conduct trials in this area. Several randomized trials have been conducted in both the metastatic and high risk primary disease settings. Thorough analysis of these studies indicates an evaluable improvement in favor of HDC and PBPCT in three of the four randomized studies performed in metastatic breast cancer and two of the four high risk primary studies. Also, initial evaluations found that quality of life appeared comparable in patients receiving either HDC or not. Each randomized trial studied asks a different question and, depending on the intensity of HDC regimen, the intensity and duration of the standard dose chemotherapy control and the schedule of events in relation to induction chemotherapy, the outcomes may be quite variable. Still, certain general trends are indentifiable. HDC alone will not completely cure breast cancer and should be considered as part of an overall therapeutic plan. In some of these studies, significantly longer follow-up is required before definitive analysis can be completed.