Sexual assault is a common occurrence that carries significant physical and mental health morbidity. Some of the most common concerns expressed by sexual assault victims can be allayed by addressing the risks of rape-related sexually transmitted infections. Although exact risks cannot be accurately quantified, it is important that health-care professionals provide counseling as well as prophylaxis and/or treatment as indicated. Screening and treatments should follow established guidelines, and follow-up care is indicated to confirm successful prevention or treatment. Continued support, surveillance, and medical attention should be offered as needed. This article will address important clinical issues regarding the prevalence and consequences of sexual assault, and will summarize current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in adolescent and adult rape victims. Some of the logistical issues surrounding HIV testing, counseling, and prevention for rape victims will also be addressed.