Evidence for tryptophan in proximity to histidine and cysteine as essential to the active site of an alkaline protease

Abstract

The presence, microenvironment, and proximity of an essential Trp with the essential His and Cys residues in the active site of an alkaline protease have been demonstrated for the first time using chemical modification, chemo-affinity labeling, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Kinetic analysis of the N-bromosuccinimide- (NBS) or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate- (PHMB) modified enzyme from Conidiobolus sp. revealed that a single Trp and Cys are essential for activity in addition to the Asp, His, and Ser residues of the catalytic triad. Full protection by casein against inactivation of the enzyme by NBS and quenching of Trp fluorescence upon binding of the enzyme with NBS, substrate (sAAPF-pNA), or inhibitor (SSI) confirmed participation of the Trp residue at the substrate/inhibitor binding site of the alkaline protease. Comparison of the K(sv) values for the charged quenchers CsCI (1.66) and KI (7.0) suggested that the overall Trp microenvironment in the protease is electropositive. The proximity of Trp with His was demonstrated by the sigmoidal shape of the pH-dependent fluorometric titration curve with a pK(F) of 6.1. The vicinity of Trp with Cys was indicated by resonance energy transfer between the intrinsic fluorophore (Trp) and 5-iodoacetamide-fluorescein labeled Cys (extrinsic fluorophore). Our results on the proximity of Trp with essential His and Cys thus confirm the presence of Trp in the active site of the alkaline protease.