The ABA-responsive barley gene HVA1, a member of group 3 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein genes, was introduced into spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Hi-Line using the biolistic bombardment method. High levels of expression of the HVA1 gene, regulated by the maize ubi1 promoter, were observed in leaves and roots of independent transgenic wheat plants and were inherited by offspring generations. T(3) progenies of four selected transgenic wheat lines were tested under greenhouse conditions for tolerance of soil water deficit. Potted plants were grown under moderate water deficit and well-watered conditions, respectively. Two homozygous and one heterozygous transgenic lines expressing the HVA1 gene had significantly (P<0.01) higher water use efficiency values, 0.66-0.68 g kg(-1), as compared to 0.57 and 0.53 g kg(-1), respectively, for the non-expressing transgenic and non-transgenic controls under moderate water deficit conditions. The two homozygous transgenic plant lines also had significantly greater total dry mass, root fresh and dry weights, and shoot dry weight compared to the two controls under soil water deficit conditions. Results of this study indicate that growth characteristics were improved in transgenic wheat plants constitutively expressing the barley HVA1 gene in response to soil water deficit.