The dietary guidelines established under the auspices of public health policy are intended to promote healthy diets in the general public. The current recommendations for sodium intake stem from studies and publications that are older than much of the public they are designed to benefit. The past 2 decades have seen a dramatic increase in our knowledge of nutritional science, particularly our understanding of the role of sodium in blood pressure regulation. With a myriad of data from observational studies and randomized, controlled trials, we have the information to finally put sodium into its correct context in terms of its role in the regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. Not the sole and pervasive dietary villain it was once believed to be, sodium is but one factor in the complex interplay of multiple, inextricably related regulatory systems of which hypertension is the end result. With the data now available concerning dietary sodium, including the minimal and specific blood pressure effects of sodium in normotensive adults and both the benefits and risks of sodium reduction, future public health recommendations can be based on carefully acquired, consistent, and rational science.