Background: Vaccination prior to epidemic season is the best measure to control influenza virus infection; however, there are several issues to be considered regarding influenza vaccines in Japan. In the present review, current issues regarding influenza vaccine in Japan are described, as well as the future prospects of vaccine development. As well as vaccination, anti-influenza agents such as amantadine are now available in Japan. Furthermore, neuraminidase inhibitors are expected to appear in the market in near future. These anti-influenza agents represent new options for influenza control.
Conclusions: Vaccination and antiviral agents are a major armamentarium against influenza infections. Thus, exploratory studies on novel forms of vaccine and anti-influenza drugs should help to prepare against pandemics that must emerge in near future.