A large number of compounds, which are in common usage in industry and medicine, are potentially nephrotoxic. Renal damage and disease resulting from toxic exposure is progressive and will, if unarrested, culminate in irreversible renal disease. There is, therefore, a need to develop a battery of tests with which to monitor and characterise the nephrotoxic cascade. A European-wide study compared biomarker profiles of adult male workers who were exposed to heavy metals or solvents. It became apparent that the urinary profiles varied with the nature of the toxin, reflecting the functional region of the kidney affected and also the severity of the damage. Children are a particularly vulnerable group and the investigation of range of biomarkers indicated that they were indeed susceptible to nephrotoxic pollutants in their environment. It is proposed that a small cohort of tests should be used to monitor the early (pre-clinical stages) of renal damage or dysfunction; these can be supplemented if necessary by additional specific tests. In the future better information on at-risk populations and genetic information will enable the determination of individual susceptibility to be assessed more precisely.