A double-blind, intra-individual cross-over comparison of the effect of piracetam on retrograde memory impairement as measured by the KS memory test battery was performed in connection with second and third Bi-ECT in 18 patients diagnosed as suffering from depression. The seizure duration and the post-ECT EGG patterns were examined visually and the post-ECT confusion time was measured. Piracetam was given orally in the dose of 4.8 g/day for 3 days. No significant effects were obtained on memory scores, electrical stimulus duration, EEG pattern or post-ECT confusion time. The findings may indicate that the protective effect of piracetam shown in animal electroconvuslive stimulation (ECS) is due to a counteraction of the disturbing effect of hypoxia on memory functions. It is concluded that more information is needed as regards the pharmacokinetics and the mode of action of the drug.