The neurosteroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) has been reported to have rewarding properties in mice tested for place conditioning. Another study found that allopregnanolone reduced dopamine (DA) output in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats. As many rewarding stimuli increase accumbens DA, these results may appear contradictory. Thus, the present study examined the rewarding properties of allopregnanolone in rats tested for place conditioning using an unbiased conditioning procedure. In control studies, a place preference was observed following conditioning with intraperitoneal (2.0 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) (100 microg/0.5 microl) amphetamine. Conditioning with i.c.v. allopregnanolone produced a significant aversion at a dose of 5.0 microg (in 5.0 microl) and a near aversion at 25.0 microg (in 8.3 microl); doses of 0 microg (i.e., vehicle alone, in 10 microl) or 30.0 microg (in 10 microl) produced little effect on place preference. During conditioning, locomotor activity was stimulated by amphetamine using either route of administration, but allopregnanolone had no significant main effect on locomotor activity. Thus, there was a dissociation between the effects of drugs on locomotor activity vs. place conditioning. Results show that i.c.v. amphetamine produces a place preference, whereas allopregnanolone produces either no effect or an aversion, depending on the dose.