Fluid produced and secreted by the Fallopian tube provides the environment in which gamete transport and maturation, fertilization and early embryo development occur. This review describes the composition of oviductal fluid in terms of ions and nutrients such as glucose, lactate, pyruvate and amino acids. The function of oestrogen-specific glycoprotein is discussed. The mechanisms of fluid secretion and agents known to influence fluid production and secretion are described. Clinical implications of abnormal oviductal fluid production and secretion in hydrosalpinx and pelvic inflammatory disease are also discussed.