Study design: An established rabbit posterolateral lumbar fusion model was used to evaluate the ability of osteogenic protein-1 to overcome the inhibitory effect of nicotine.
Objective: To determine whether osteogenic protein-1 should be considered as a bone graft alternative for the patient who smokes.
Summary of background data: Smoking interferes with the success of posterolateral lumbar fusion. This inhibitory effect has been attributed to nicotine and confirmed in a New Zealand white rabbit model. Osteoinductive protein-1 has been shown to induce posterolateral spine fusion reliably in the rabbit model. The effectiveness with which osteogenic protein-1 induces fusion in the presence of nicotine has not been studied previously.
Methods: Single-level posterolateral intertransverse process fusions were performed at L5-L6 in 18 New Zealand white rabbits. Either autograft or osteogenic protein-1 was used as grafting material. Nicotine was administered via subcutaneous mini-osmotic pumps. The animals were killed 5 weeks after surgery, and the resulting fusion masses were studied.
Results: Three rabbits (17%) were excluded because of complications. By manual palpation, two of the eight nicotine-exposed autograft rabbits (25%) and all of the nicotine-exposed osteogenic protein-1 rabbits (100%) were found to be fused. These results correlated well with those obtained from biomechanical testing. Histologically, the fusion zones of the nicotine-exposed autograft rabbits were distinctly less mature than the fusion masses of the nicotine-exposed osteogenic protein-1 rabbits.
Conclusion: Osteoinductive protein-1 was able to overcome the inhibitory effects of nicotine in a rabbit posterolateral spine fusion model, and to induce bony fusion reliably at 5 weeks.