The author updates available data on leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sandflies in Cameroon. After describing the natural environment, we present all the cases of the cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases recorded so far in this country. He refers also to the first biochemical characterisation of Leishmania major MON-26 in Cameroon. The data of a leishmanin skin test survey conducted in the Mokolo cutaneous leishmaniasis focus are presented as well as a repertoire of the phlebotomine sandfly species identified in the country. The implications and shortcomings of these available data are discussed and recommendations are drawn for further research.