The implementation of entirely new clinical laboratory tests such as BNP assays is much more difficult today than it ever has been in the past. Medicare and Medicaid have been operating for many years on fixed reimbursements based on Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). Many third-party payers now have capitated contracts, i.e., a fixed reimbursement per member per month, regardless of the number of tests ordered and performed. Laboratories are now cost centers and not sources of revenue, thus the limited amount of income from fee-for-service reimbursements may not sufficient to cover the expenses for performing all testing. Therefore, in order to justify BNP testing, laboratory directors and hospital administrators must be able to demonstrate that implementation of BNP testing results in a savings for the hospital as a whole, even if the laboratory has a negative cost balance. If BNP testing can lead to a reduction or elimination of other tests, or if it improves the efficiency and accuracy of CHF diagnosis so that the number of inappropriate admissions is reduced, the test may be justified. Table 2 lists some specific areas where BNP might impact the other clinical areas. Outcome studies should be performed to determine if any of these changes in clinical practices can be justified.