The effects of addition of inorganic redox substances (species of NO3-, Mn4+, Fe3+, and SO4(2-)) on methane production and oxidation in anoxic rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil samples were examined. Sulfate was the most inhibitory for methane production followed by Fe3+, NO3-, and Mn4+, in that order. Addition of rice straw at a rate of 1% (w/w) as a carbon source to increase the electron donor to the electron acceptor ratio did not completely alleviate the inhibitory effects of redox species on methane production. Interestingly, laboratory incubation studies showed that addition of MnO2 and K2SO4 enhanced aerobic methane oxidation in soil samples held at 60% water holding capacity. The suspensions of pretreated soil samples with different redox species, when tested for their ability to oxidize methane in soil solution equivalent medium supplemented with respective redox species under aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed differential effects of redox species. Nitrate and Fe3+ stimulated methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions and retarded it under aerobic conditions. Manganese(IV) ion retarded methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions, but enhanced it under aerobic conditions. However, SO4(2-) stimulated methane oxidation in soil solution equivalent medium under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.