Intrarectal application of amifostine for the prevention of radiation-induced rectal injury

Abstract

Clinically symptomatic late injury to the rectal wall occurs in about one third of patients with prostate cancer treated with external beam irradiation. Reducing the physical dose to the anterior rectal wall without a similar reduction in the posterior peripheral zone is difficult because of the proximity of these structures. Based on our previous observations that intrarectal application of amifostine resulted in very high concentrations of amifostine and its active metabolite WR-1065 in the rectal wall of Copenhagen rats, the authors initiated a phase I clinical trial in 1998. Twenty-nine patients with localized prostate cancer were accrued. Eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma, a Karnofsky performance status of > or =70, and no pelvic lymphadenopathy or distant metastases. The total dose to the prostate was 70.2 Gy (20 patients) and 73.8 Gy (9 patients). Therapy was delivered using a 4-field axial technique and 3-dimensional conformal planning. Amifostine was administered intrarectally as an aqueous solution 30 minutes before irradiation on the first 15 days of therapy. Amifostine dose was escalated, in cohorts, from 500 mg to 2,500 mg. Toxicity was evaluated using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group late morbidity scale. All patients completed therapy with no amifostine-related toxicity at any dose level. The application was feasible and well tolerated. With a median follow-up time of 21 months, 9 patients (33%) had rectal bleeding (8 grade 1, 1 grade 2). Four patients (14%) had symptoms suggestive of radiation injury, which proved to be secondary to nonrelated processes. These included preexisting nonspecific proctitis (1 patient), diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon, rectal polyp (1 patient), and ulcerative colitis (1 patient). Symptoms developed significantly more often in patients receiving 500 to 1,000 mg than in patients receiving 1,500 to 2,500 mg amifostine (7 of 14 [50%] versus 2 of 13 [15%]; P =.0325, 1-sided chi(2) test). Intrarectal application of amifostine is feasible and well tolerated. A complete lack of systemic toxicity obviates the need for close monitoring of patients during and after administration. Rectal symptomatology after external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis cannot be assumed to reflect late radiation damage, because it often is a manifestation of an unrelated pathologic process. The preliminary efficacy data are encouraging and suggest that intrarectal administration of amifostine may reduce radiation damage. Further clinical studies are warranted.