This study analyzes health and economic aspects of occupational safety in Latin America and the Caribbean. Work-related injuries and illnesses represent a primary health risk in the region. Specific factors negatively affect work safety in the region: the structure of the labour market, the lack of adequate resources for enforcement, prevention and research, the hazard profile, as well as the presence of vulnerable groups in the workforce. This study estimates that between 27,270 and 73,500 occupational fatal accidents occur in the region each year. It also calculates that the economic costs of these hazards represent between 2 and 4% of regional Gross Domestic Product. The paper concludes by discussing public policies that could address this problem and improve compliance with appropriate safety standards in the region.