The relationship between plasma progesterone (P4) levels and embryo survival, and the value of P4 profiles for the selection of cattle embryo transfer recipients is still a matter of controversy. This study reports a comparison between lactating cows and heifers (n = 407) from a single dairy herd, after transfer of either fresh or frozen-thawed good quality embryos, of their ability to sustain embryo-fetal development to term. Plasma P4 concentrations on the day of estrus (Day 0 = D0), Day 4, Day 7 and on Day 21 were measured and related to embryo survival. Plasma P4 levels on Days 0, 4 and 7 were similar in recipients later found pregnant or open. Plasma P4 levels on Day 7 were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in heifers than in cows, but they were similar in pregnant and nonpregnant heifers and in pregnant and nonpregnant cows. Pregnancy rates for fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were higher in heifers than in cows, but the differences did not reach significance. However, the overall late embryonic mortality was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and the calving rate for frozen-thawed embryos was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cows than in heifers. As expected, plasma P4 on Day 21 was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in pregnant than in nonpregnant recipients, but there was no difference between pregnant cows and pregnant heifers. Plasma P4 levels on Day 7 of recipients presumed pregnant on Day 21 and later found pregnant or nonpregnant were similar, but plasma P4 levels on Day 21 were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in pregnant than in nonpregnant recipients. The results of this study suggest that plasma P4 levels until the day of transfer, except for the rejection of recipients with abnormal luteal function, are of limited practical use for embryo transfer recipient selection. However, in lactating cows low plasma P4 values on Day 7 might negatively affect embryo survival, while in heifers this effect is not noticeable. Lactating cows are more prone to embryo loss than heifers, especially in the case of frozen-thawed embryos; this is associated with a lower competence of the corpus luteum at Day 7.